An overview of physician payments and cost per service (2024)

Total payments

November 17, 2022—In response to the pandemic, governments in Canada introduced public health measures that led to an initial decrease in physician–patient interactions.Reference1 For the first time on record, total clinical payments decreased by approximately 2% in 2020–2021 to $28.9 billion. The number of services physicians provided between 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 also dropped by 7.9%. Family physicians provided 7.1% fewer services in 2020–2021 and specialists provided 8.9% fewer services.

Total clinical payments to physicians, 1999–2000 to 2020–2021

An overview of physician payments and cost per service (1)

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Fiscal yearTotal gross clinical payments
(in billions of dollars)
FFS clinical payments
(in billions of dollars)
1999–2000$9.7$8.6
2000–2001$10.2$8.9
2001–2002$11.0$9.2
2002–2003$11.6$9.6
2003–2004$12.4$10.0
2004–2005$13.0$10.4
2005–2006$14.1$11.1
2006–2007$14.9$11.6
2007–2008$16.3$12.2
2008–2009$17.9$12.9
2009–2010$19.3$14.0
2010–2011$20.5$14.7
2011–2012$22.0$15.7
2012–2013$22.8$16.1
2013–2014$24.1$17.1
2014–2015$24.9$17.8
2015–2016$25.7$18.5
2016–2017$26.4$19.2
20172018$27.4$19.9
2018–2019$28.2$20.5
2019–2020$29.5$21.2
2020–2021$28.9$20.3

FFS: Fee-for-service.

Source
National Physician Database, Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Average payments

Average gross clinical payments ($343,500 at the pan-Canadian level in 2020–2021) decreased in most jurisdictions in 2020–2021 compared with the previous year (-3.4% at the pan-Canadian level), but payments generally were still higher than 5 years ago. Between 2016–2017 and 2020–2021, average payments increased between 3% and 12% in Atlantic Canada, and by 16% in Yukon. Quebec and Ontario also saw increases, albeit slightly smaller at 3% and 2%, respectively. The Prairies and British Columbia saw decreases over the same time frame, ranging from -1% to -5%.

Average clinical payments to physicians, 2016–2017 and 2020–2021

An overview of physician payments and cost per service (2)

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Jurisdiction2016–20172020–2021
N.L.$273,899$283,461
P.E.I.$378,280$405,100
N.S.$265,431$298,543
N.B.$302,132$313,140
Que.$328,360$338,538
Ont.$346,660$351,992
Man.$360,287$349,274
Sask.$359,775$351,790
Atla.$385,522$367,230
B.C.$289,850$286,413
Y.T.$275,715$320,164
Canada$340,989$343,528

Source
National Physician Database, Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Type of payment

The predominant method of reimbursem*nt for physicians’ clinical activity in Canada is fee-for-service (FFS), but other models exist, such as salary, sessional payments, capitation and other contracts. Any non-FFS payments are referred to here as alternative payment plans (APPs).

In 2020–2021, there was a 70/30 split for FFS and APP payments (70% FFS; 30% APP). The split has been stable at the pan-Canadian level for the past 10 years, with some jurisdictional variations. While FFS accounts for approximately 70% of total clinical payments, almost all physicians (96%) received at least some payment through FFS. APPs accounted for about 30% of total clinical payments, and about two-thirds of physicians (64%) received at least some payment through APPs.

Share of physician payments by type of payment, 2020–2021

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JurisdictionAPP clinical paymentsFFS clinical paymentsPercentage of physicians who received any APP paymentsPercentage of physicians who received any FFS payments
N.L.36.2%63.8%51%89%
P.E.I.40.2%59.8%83%88%
N.S.67.0%33.0%97%56%
N.B.35.6%64.4%70%90%
Que.22.8%77.2%89%99%
Ont.37.0%63.0%45%98%
Man.29.3%70.7%71%91%
Sask.44.0%56.0%49%62%
Atla.14.1%85.9%26%83%
B.C.19.2%80.8%60%95%
Y.T.43.1%56.9%57%99%
Canada29.5%70.5%64%96%

Source
National Physician Database, Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Service utilization costs

Consultations and visitsReference2 accounted for almost three-quarters of clinical services and two-thirds of clinical payments. The average cost per service was $73.45 for 2020–2021, a 2.9% increase over the previous year. The average cost per service was impacted by multiple factors, including FFS rate changes and shifts in the volume of services provided. For example, the volume of major assessments dropped by 24% while other assessments decreased by 5.9%. Major surgery services fell by 9.4% compared with drops of 20.8% in minor surgery and 19.9% in diagnostic and therapeutic services. Fluctuations in service volumes changed the distribution of more expensive and less expensive services, contributing to the overall increase in the average cost per service over the previous year.

The average cost per service varied considerably across the different specialty groups. Costs ranged from $52.36 and $56.02 for dermatology and family medicine to $213.46 and $238.50 for thoracic/cardiovascular surgery and neurosurgery, respectively.

Average cost per service by specialty, 2020–2021

An overview of physician payments and cost per service (4)

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GroupSpecialtyAverage cost per service
Family medicineFamily medicine$56.02
Medical specialtiesInternal medicine$90.02
Cardiology$87.42
Gastroenterology$112.03
Neurology$115.44
Psychiatry$110.31
Pediatrics$88.65
Dermatology$52.36
Physical medicine$97.26
Anesthesia$190.58
Surgical specialtiesGeneral surgery$134.78
Thoracic/cardiovascular surgery$213.46
Urology$85.69
Orthopedic surgery$126.81
Plastic surgery$119.78
Neurosurgery$238.50
Ophthalmology$66.91
Otolaryngology$69.92
Obstetrics/gynecology$90.40
Total physiciansNot applicable$73.45

Source
National Physician Database, Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Related resources

  • A profile of physicians in Canada, 2022

References

1.

Back to Reference 1 in text

Canadian Institute for Health Information. Virtual care: A major shift for Canadians receiving physician services. Accessed March 24, 2022.

2.

Back to Reference 2 in text

Canadian Institute for Health Information. National Grouping System (NGS) (PDF). 2016.

An overview of physician payments and cost per service (2024)

FAQs

An overview of physician payments and cost per service? ›

Service utilization costs

What is the most common method of payment for physicians? ›

The dominant mode of physician payment in the US is fee-for-service (FFS), representing over 90 percent of primary care practice revenue3 predominately for office visits. Face-to-face patient encounters have long been a core component of primary care services and remain highly valued by both patients and physicians.

What are the four basic provider payment systems? ›

Payment for healthcare is managed in various ways. The main categories of payment systems are salary, capitation, bundled payment, global budget and fee-for-service. Most countries have mixed systems of physician payment.

What source of payment is the most common for office physician visits? ›

Private insurance was the primary expected source of payment at nearly one-half (45.9%) of all office- based physician visits, followed by Medicare (30.8%), Medicaid (11.7%), and no insurance (4.0%, estimate does not meet statistical reliability criteria) (Figure 2, Table 2).

What is the average revenue per physician? ›

The average revenue generated for all physicians is $1,713,611. An orthopedic surgeon generates a range of $2,776,605 to $3,002,341 a year on behalf of a health system, an invasive cardiologist $2,148,134 to $2,556,714, a neurosurgeon $2,123,810 to $2,778,917 and a general surgeon $2,476,691 to $2,512,973.

What are the three main payment models in healthcare? ›

The 3 Core Types of Payment Models in Healthcare
  • Fee-For-Service (FFS)
  • Capitation.
  • Episode-Based.

What are the two basic payment models used for healthcare services? ›

‐ Fee‐for‐service: healthcare providers are paid for each service they provide to the patient. ‐ Salary: healthcare providers are paid based on the time they spend at work. ‐ Capitation: healthcare providers are paid according to how many patients they have. ‐ A mix of these different approaches.

What are 8 basic payment methods in health care? ›

Eight basic payment methods are applicable across all types of healthcare. Each method is defined by the unit of payment: 1) per time period, 2) per beneficiary, 3) per recipient, 4) per episode, 5) per day, 6) per service, 7) per dollar of cost, and 8) per dollar of charges.

What are payment methodologies in healthcare? ›

Each method is defined by the unit of payment (per time period, beneficiary, recipient, episode, day, service, dollar of cost, or dollar of charges). These methods are more specific than common terms, such as capitation, fee for service, global payment, and cost reimbursem*nt.

What is the payment method where providers are paid for each service they perform? ›

A method in which doctors and other health care providers are paid for each service performed.

Which doctor is most payable? ›

What are the highest paid doctor jobs?
  1. Cardiologist. ...
  2. Nephrologist. ...
  3. Orthopaedic surgeon. ...
  4. Urologist. ...
  5. Neurologist. ...
  6. Oncologist. ...
  7. Surgeon. ...
  8. Pulmonologist.
Apr 18, 2024

Why are doctor visits so expensive? ›

1. Medical providers are paid for quantity, not quality. Most health insurance companies—including Medicare—pay doctors, hospitals, and other medical providers under a fee-for-service system that reimburses each test, procedure, or office visit. That means the more services they provide, the more money they receive.

What is the largest source of payment for healthcare services? ›

Medicaid/CHIP coverage estimate includes all means-tested public coverage (e.g., state and locally financed public coverage). Private health insurance is the predominant source of health insurance coverage in the United States.

Is the average doctor a millionaire? ›

In order to qualify as a millionaire, you must have assets worth $1 million or more. The 2021 physician wealth report showed that 56% of physicians reported a net worth of over $1 million. The majority of family physicians become millionaires by the age of 55 — only 11% had a $1 million net worth before 45.

How many doctors make a million dollars a year? ›

The University of California's health system paid 113 medical professors at least $1 million in total pay last year. Only 12 of those high-earning health professionals were women, according to a Sacramento Bee analysis of 2022 payroll data from the UC Office of the President.

How many physicians are millionaires? ›

By the time physicians reach their forties, it is very possible to achieve millionaire status, with some physicians even becoming multimillionaires. This trend continues with doctors in their fifties, with 60% of physicians' worth at least $1 million.

What are the common methods of payment for healthcare? ›

Four payment methods (fee-for-service, discounted fee-for-service, capitation, and salary) and three payment adjustments (withholds, bonuses, and retrospective utilization targets) are the basis for nearly all contracts between health plans and your physicians, and they are described below.

How are physicians paid in the US? ›

These physicians typically are compensated in one of two ways: (1) a fixed salary or (2) a base salary with the opportunity for supplemental earnings from medical practice. The degree of medical school control over practice earnings varies a great deal.

What is the most common reimbursem*nt method for healthcare providers in the US? ›

Healthcare is paid by reimbursem*nt, most often on a fee-for-service basis by an insurer, government payer, or yourself.

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