What Is a Stock and How To Buy Them | Vanguard (2024)

Choosing stocks

There are several ways to categorize stocks.

Growth & value

Companies generally fall into 1 of 2 categories depending on how they make money for their investors.

Growth companies are in an expansion phase. Any available money they have is likely to be funneled toward the expansion of their businesses or the development of new products and services. As they grow, the value of their shares increases.

Value companies are relatively established. While they may still be growing, there's not as much room for the kind of rapid expansion that growth companies pursue. So rather than plow all their cash flow into opportunities for development, these companies are more likely to pay dividends.

Capitalization

Companies can also be divided up based on the total value of their shares—their "capitalization." Stocks are generally considered to be large-, mid-, or small-cap, although at the extremes you may also see references to mega-cap or micro-cap stocks.

The boundaries between one grouping and the next aren't firm, and they change as the overall market value changes. In general, large-cap stocks make up about 65% to 75% of the entire market, and mid- and small-cap stocks about 10% to 15% each.

The stocks of large-cap companies tend to be more stable than those of smaller companies. But smaller companies may have more potential for growth.

Sectors

Companies can also be grouped by sector. As with capitalization, there are several different sector classification systems. Most systems include categories like technology, health care, and energy.

Stocks within particular sectors will tend to react in predictable ways to economic conditions, so it's important to make sure your investments don't get too concentrated in specific sectors, unless you're doing it intentionally as part of your investment plan.

For example, when the economy is doing poorly, sectors like information technology, consumer discretionary, and telecommunication services may suffer because people can choose to spend less in these areas.

On the other hand, people must keep spending on things like consumer staples, utilities, and health care, so these sectors may be less affected.

It's also important to note that good or bad news about a company's stock may affect other companies within that sector to some degree.

See more about our sector mutual funds

See more about our sector ETFs

Here's one sample classification system and the types of companies that would fall under each.

What Is a Stock and How To Buy Them | Vanguard (2024)

FAQs

What Is a Stock and How To Buy Them | Vanguard? ›

One of the best ways for beginners to learn how to invest in stocks is to put money in an online investment account and purchase stocks from there. You don't have to have a lot of money to start investing. Many brokerages allow you to open an investing account with $0, and then you just have to purchase stock.

How should a beginner buy stocks? ›

One of the best ways for beginners to learn how to invest in stocks is to put money in an online investment account and purchase stocks from there. You don't have to have a lot of money to start investing. Many brokerages allow you to open an investing account with $0, and then you just have to purchase stock.

How do you make money from a stock? ›

The stock's price appreciates, which means it goes up. You can then sell the stock for a profit if you'd like. The stock pays dividends. Not all stocks pay dividends, but many do.

How do I buy stocks on my own? ›

To buy stocks, open a brokerage account (also known as an investment account), add money to the account and then buy stocks from there. You can open an online brokerage account in about 15 minutes.

How do beginners choose stocks? ›

Pick an industry that interests you, and explore the news and trends that drive it from day to day. Identify the company or companies that lead the industry and zero in on the numbers. Note that stock picking as a strategy often underperforms passive indexing, especially over longer time horizons.

How much do I need to invest to make $1000 a month? ›

A stock portfolio focused on dividends can generate $1,000 per month or more in perpetual passive income, Mircea Iosif wrote on Medium. “For example, at a 4% dividend yield, you would need a portfolio worth $300,000.

Is $1,000 enough to start investing in stocks? ›

TIME Stamp: The most important thing about investing is to start, and you don't need a pile of cash to do it. While $1,000 may not seem like much, it's enough cash to start growing your money and securing your financial future, especially if investing becomes a habit.

How much money do I need to invest to make $3,000 a month? ›

Imagine you wish to amass $3000 monthly from your investments, amounting to $36,000 annually. If you park your funds in a savings account offering a 2% annual interest rate, you'd need to inject roughly $1.8 million into the account.

How to cash out stock? ›

Investors can cash out stocks by selling them on a stock exchange through a broker. Stocks are relatively liquid assets, meaning they can be converted into cash quickly, especially compared to investments like real estate or jewelry.

Can I buy stock through my bank? ›

You can open an account with an online brokerage, a full-service brokerage (a more expensive choice) or a trading app such as Robinhood or Webull. Any of these choices will allow you to buy stock in publicly traded companies. However, your bank account or other financial accounts will not allow you to purchase stocks.

How much money should you have before buying stocks? ›

While stocks historically have shown the potential for higher returns over the long term, you may want to build an emergency fund before you start investing. Experts recommend having between three and six months worth of expenses saved to act as a financial safety net in the event of unexpected expenses.

What is the first stock I should buy? ›

Compare the best stocks for beginners
Company (Ticker)SectorMarket Cap
JPMorgan Chase (JPM)Financials$573.21B
UnitedHealth (UNH)Health care$451.62B
Comcast (CMCSA)Communication services$152.37B
Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMY)Health care$85.52B
2 more rows

Is Apple a good stock to buy? ›

Apple has a consensus rating of Moderate Buy which is based on 23 buy ratings, 11 hold ratings and 1 sell ratings. The average price target for Apple is $209.28. This is based on 35 Wall Streets Analysts 12-month price targets, issued in the past 3 months.

What are the best stocks to buy for a beginner? ›

Best Stocks To Invest In 2024 For Beginners
  • UnitedHealth Group Incorporated (NYSE:UNH) Number of Hedge Fund Holders: 104. Quarterly Revenue Growth: 14.10% ...
  • JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE:JPM) Number of Hedge Fund Holders: 109. ...
  • Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (NASDAQ:AMD) ...
  • Adobe Inc. (NASDAQ:ADBE) ...
  • Salesforce, Inc. (NYSE:CRM)
Feb 7, 2024

How much stock should I buy as a beginner? ›

Most experts tell beginners that if you're going to invest in individual stocks, you should ultimately try to have at least 10 to 15 different stocks in your portfolio to properly diversify your holdings.

Is $500 enough to start investing in stocks? ›

You can start investing with relatively small amounts of money, even $500. It is hard to buy a lot of stocks with modest amounts of cash. With as little as $500 you can buy a well-diversified portfolio with this index-based ETF.

How much money should I initially invest in stocks? ›

Following the 50-30-20 rule on an after-tax income of $50,000 would mean investing $10,000 per year or approximately $833 per month. While stocks historically have shown the potential for higher returns over the long term, you may want to build an emergency fund before you start investing.

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